在說ReactiveCocoa之前,先要介紹一下FRP(Functional Reactive Programming,響應式編程),在維基百科中有這樣一個例子介紹:
在命令式編程環境中,a = b + c 表示將表達式的結果賦給a,而之後改變b或c的值不會影響a。但在響應式編程中,a的值會隨著b或c的更新而更新。
Excel就是響應式編程的一個例子。單元格可以包含字面值或類似”=B1+C1″的公式,而包含公式的單元格的值會依據其他單元格的值的變化而變化 。
而ReactiveCocoa簡稱RAC,就是基於響應式編程思想的Objective-C實踐,它是Github的一個開源項目,你可以在這裡找到它。
關於FRP和ReactiveCocoa可以去看leezhong的這篇blog,圖文並茂,講的很好。
先來看一下leezhong再博文中提到的比喻,讓你對有個ReactiveCocoa很好的理解:
可以把信號想象成水龍頭,只不過裡面不是水,而是玻璃球(value),直徑跟水管的內徑一樣,這樣就能保證玻璃球是依次排列,不會出現並排的情況(數據都是線性處理的,不會出現並發情況)。水龍頭的開關默認是關的,除非有了接收方(subscriber),才會打開。這樣只要有新的玻璃球進來,就會自動傳送給接收方。可以在水龍頭上加一個過濾嘴(filter),不符合的不讓通過,也可以加一個改動裝置,把球改變成符合自己的需求(map)。也可以把多個水龍頭合並成一個新的水龍頭(combineLatest:reduce:),這樣只要其中的一個水龍頭有玻璃球出來,這個新合並的水龍頭就會得到這個球。
下面我來逐一介紹ReactiveCocoa框架的每個組件
Streams 表現為RACStream類,可以看做是水管裡面流動的一系列玻璃球,它們有順序的依次通過,在第一個玻璃球沒有到達之前,你沒法獲得第二個玻璃球。
RACStream描述的就是這種線性流動玻璃球的形態,比較抽象,它本身的使用意義並不很大,一般會以signals或者sequences等這些更高層次的表現形態代替。
Signals 表現為RACSignal類,就是前面提到水龍頭,ReactiveCocoa的核心概念就是Signal,它一般表示未來要到達的值,想象玻璃球一個個從水龍頭裡出來,只有了接收方(subscriber)才能獲取到這些玻璃球(value)。
Signal會發送下面三種事件給它的接受方(subscriber),想象成水龍頭有個指示燈來匯報它的工作狀態,接受方通過-subscribeNext:error:completed:
對不同事件作出相應反應
一個生命周期的Signal可以發送任意多個“next”事件,和一個“error”或者“completed”事件(當然“error”和“completed”只可能出現一種)
subjects 表現為RACSubject類,可以認為是“可變的(mutable)”信號/自定義信號,它是嫁接非RAC代碼到Signals世界的橋梁,很有用。嗯。。。 這樣講還是很抽象,舉個例子吧:
123 RACSubject *letters = [RACSubject subject];RACSignal *signal = [letters sendNext:@"a"];
可以看到@"a"
只是一個NSString對象,要想在水管裡順利流動,就要借RACSubject的力。
command 表現為RACCommand類,偷個懶直接舉個例子吧,比如一個簡單的注冊界面:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 RACSignal *formValid = [RACSignal combineLatest:@[ self.userNameField.rac_textSignal, self.emailField.rac_textSignal, ] reduce:^(NSString *userName, NSString *email) { return @(userName.length > 0 && email.length > 0); }]; RACCommand *createAccountCommand = [RACCommand commandWithCanExecuteSignal:formValid]; RACSignal *networkResults = [[[createAccountCommand addSignalBlock:^RACSignal *(id value) { //... 網絡交互代碼 }] switchToLatest] deliverOn:[RACScheduler mainThreadScheduler]]; // 綁定創建按鈕的 UI state 和點擊事件 [[self.createButton rac_signalForControlEvents:UIControlEventTouchUpInside] executeCommand:createAccountCommand];
sequence 表現為RACSequence類,可以簡單看做是RAC世界的NSArray,RAC增加了-rac_sequence
方法,可以使諸如NSArray這些集合類(collection classes)直接轉換為RACSequence來使用。
scheduler 表現為RACScheduler類,類似於GCD,but schedulers support cancellationbut schedulers support cancellation, and always execute serially.
實踐出真知,下面就舉一些簡單的例子,一起看看RAC的使用
接收 -subscribeNext:
-subscribeError:
-subscribeCompleted:
1234567 RACSignal *letters = [@"A B C D E F G H I" componentsSeparatedByString:@" "].rac_sequence.signal; // 依次輸出 A B C D…[letters subscribeNext:^(NSString *x) { NSLog(@"%@", x);}];
注入效果 -doNext:
-doError:
-doCompleted:
,看下面注釋應該就明白了:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 __block unsigned subscriptions = 0; RACSignal *loggingSignal = [RACSignal createSignal:^ RACDisposable * (id<RACSubscriber> subscriber) { subscriptions++; [subscriber sendCompleted]; return nil; }]; // 不會輸出任何東西 loggingSignal = [loggingSignal doCompleted:^{ NSLog(@"about to complete subscription %u", subscriptions); }]; // 輸出: // about to complete subscription 1 // subscription 1 [loggingSignal subscribeCompleted:^{ NSLog(@"subscription %u", subscriptions); }];
-map:
映射,可以看做對玻璃球的變換、重新組裝
1234567 RACSequence *letters = [@"A B C D E F G H I" componentsSeparatedByString:@" "].rac_sequence; // Contains: AA BB CC DD EE FF GG HH IIRACSequence *mapped = [letters map:^(NSString *value) { return [value stringByAppendingString:value];}];
-filter:
過濾,不符合要求的玻璃球不允許通過
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 RACSequence *numbers = [@"1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9" componentsSeparatedByString:@" "].rac_sequence; // Contains: 2 4 6 8 RACSequence *filtered = [numbers filter:^ BOOL (NSString *value) { return (value.intValue % 2) == 0; }];
-concat:
把一個水管拼接到另一個水管之後
123456 RACSequence *letters = [@"A B C D E F G H I" componentsSeparatedByString:@" "].rac_sequence;RACSequence *numbers = [@"1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9" componentsSeparatedByString:@" "].rac_sequence; // Contains: A B C D E F G H I 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9RACSequence *concatenated = [letters concat:numbers];
-flatten:
Sequences are concatenated
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 RACSequence *letters = [@"A B C D E F G H I" componentsSeparatedByString:@" "].rac_sequence; RACSequence *numbers = [@"1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9" componentsSeparatedByString:@" "].rac_sequence; RACSequence *sequenceOfSequences = @[ letters, numbers ].rac_sequence; // Contains: A B C D E F G H I 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 RACSequence *flattened = [sequenceOfSequences flatten];
Signals are merged (merge可以理解成把幾個水管的龍頭合並成一個,哪個水管中的玻璃球哪個先到先吐哪個玻璃球)
12345678910111213141516171819202122 RACSubject *letters = [RACSubject subject];RACSubject *numbers = [RACSubject subject];RACSignal *signalOfSignals = [RACSignal createSignal:^ RACDisposable * (id<RACSubscriber> subscriber) { [subscriber sendNext:letters]; [subscriber sendNext:numbers]; [subscriber sendCompleted]; return nil;}]; RACSignal *flattened = [signalOfSignals flatten]; // Outputs: A 1 B C 2[flattened subscribeNext:^(NSString *x) { NSLog(@"%@", x);}]; [letters sendNext:@"A"];[numbers sendNext:@"1"];[letters sendNext:@"B"];[letters sendNext:@"C"];[numbers sendNext:@"2"];
-flattenMap:
先 map 再 flatten
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 RACSequence *numbers = [@"1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9" componentsSeparatedByString:@" "].rac_sequence; // Contains: 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 RACSequence *extended = [numbers flattenMap:^(NSString *num) { return @[ num, num ].rac_sequence; }]; // Contains: 1_ 3_ 5_ 7_ 9_ RACSequence *edited = [numbers flattenMap:^(NSString *num) { if (num.intValue % 2 == 0) { return [RACSequence empty]; } else { NSString *newNum = [num stringByAppendingString:@"_"]; return [RACSequence return:newNum]; } }]; RACSignal *letters = [@"A B C D E F G H I" componentsSeparatedByString:@" "].rac_sequence.signal; [[letters flattenMap:^(NSString *letter) { return [database saveEntriesForLetter:letter]; }] subscribeCompleted:^{ NSLog(@"All database entries saved successfully."); }];
-then:
12345678910111213 RACSignal *letters = [@"A B C D E F G H I" componentsSeparatedByString:@" "].rac_sequence.signal; // 新水龍頭只包含: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9//// 但當有接收時,仍會執行舊水龍頭doNext的內容,所以也會輸出 A B C D E F G H IRACSignal *sequenced = [[letters doNext:^(NSString *letter) { NSLog(@"%@", letter); }] then:^{ return [@"1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9" componentsSeparatedByString:@" "].rac_sequence.signal; }];
+merge:
前面在flatten中提到的水龍頭的合並
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 RACSubject *letters = [RACSubject subject]; RACSubject *numbers = [RACSubject subject]; RACSignal *merged = [RACSignal merge:@[ letters, numbers ]]; // Outputs: A 1 B C 2 [merged subscribeNext:^(NSString *x) { NSLog(@"%@", x); }]; [letters sendNext:@"A"]; [numbers sendNext:@"1"]; [letters sendNext:@"B"]; [letters sendNext:@"C"]; [numbers sendNext:@"2"];
+combineLatest:
任何時刻取每個水龍頭吐出的最新的那個玻璃球
1234567891011121314151617181920 RACSubject *letters = [RACSubject subject];RACSubject *numbers = [RACSubject subject];RACSignal *combined = [RACSignal combineLatest:@[ letters, numbers ] reduce:^(NSString *letter, NSString *number) { return [letter stringByAppendingString:number]; }]; // Outputs: B1 B2 C2 C3[combined subscribeNext:^(id x) { NSLog(@"%@", x);}]; [letters sendNext:@"A"];[letters sendNext:@"B"];[numbers sendNext:@"1"];[numbers sendNext:@"2"];[letters sendNext:@"C"];[numbers sendNext:@"3"];
-switchToLatest:
取指定的那個水龍頭的吐出的最新玻璃球
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 RACSubject *letters = [RACSubject subject]; RACSubject *numbers = [RACSubject subject]; RACSubject *signalOfSignals = [RACSubject subject]; RACSignal *switched = [signalOfSignals switchToLatest]; // Outputs: A B 1 D [switched subscribeNext:^(NSString *x) { NSLog(@"%@", x); }]; [signalOfSignals sendNext:letters]; [letters sendNext:@"A"]; [letters sendNext:@"B"]; [signalOfSignals sendNext:numbers]; [letters sendNext:@"C"]; [numbers sendNext:@"1"]; [signalOfSignals sendNext:letters]; [numbers sendNext:@"2"]; [letters sendNext:@"D"];
1234 RAC(self.submitButton.enabled) = [RACSignal combineLatest:@[self.usernameField.rac_textSignal, self.passwordField.rac_textSignal] reduce:^id(NSString *userName, NSString *password) { return @(userName.length >= 6 && password.length >= 6);}];
1 2 3 4 [RACObserve(self.textField, text) subscribeNext:^(NSString *newName) { NSLog(@"%@", newName); }];
RAC為系統UI提供了很多category,非常棒,比如UITextView、UITextField文本框的改動rac_textSignal
,UIButton的的按下rac_command
等等。
有了RAC,可以不用去操心值什麼時候到達什麼時候改變,只需要簡單的進行數據來了之後的步驟就可以了。
說了這麼多,在回過頭去看leezhong的比喻和該文最後總結的關系圖,再好好梳理一下吧。我也是初學者,誠惶誠恐的呈上這篇博文,歡迎討論,如有不正之處歡迎批評指正。
https://github.com/ReactiveCocoa/ReactiveCocoa
https://github.com/ReactiveCocoa/ReactiveCocoa/blob/master/Documentation/FrameworkOverview.md
https://github.com/ReactiveCocoa/ReactiveCocoa/blob/master/Documentation/BasicOperators.md
http://vimeo.com/65637501
http://iiiyu.com/2013/09/11/learning-ios-notes-twenty-eight/
http://blog.leezhong.com/ios/2013/06/19/frp-reactivecocoa.htmlhttp://nshipster.com/reactivecocoa/